Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Greenhouse Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greenhouse Effects - Essay Example However, an imbalance leads to varying degrees of abnormality leading to a change in climate. When solar rays hit a dark surface, heat is absorbed while the polar ice caps tend to reflect heat off. Every part of the earth absorbs and reflects heat differently resulting in differential heating and cooling of the earth. Elevated level of any the above mentioned green house gases can disrupt the balance which leads to increased temperature of the earth resulting in ‘Global Warming’ (UCAR, n.d.). What are Green House Gases? Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (MH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), cholofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride (SH6) are collectively called as GHGs because they trap the solar radiation within the earth’s surface (Ramseur et al, 2008) What is the present level of atmospheric carbon dioxide? Why has Carbon dioxide increased since 1860? The level of carbon dioxide is increasing at an accelerating pace with each passing decade. The safety limit of atmospheric Carbon dioxide is 350 ppm (parts per million). However, since 1988, the level of CO2 has continued to rise. The current level of CO2 in the atmosphere is 396.78 ppm (CO2NOW, 2012). The International Energy Agency (IEA) reveals in its report that CO2 emission from fossil fuels hit 31.6 Gigatonnes (Gt) in 2011, just 1Gt below the threshold limit as predicted by researchers (Woodwell et al 1984). According to the energy Information Administration, there has been an increase of 25% of GHG emission since industrialization. What are some predicted environmental damages if carbon dioxide emissions are not reduced? The predicted environmental damages include rise in sea level. This may further lead to degradation of mangroves leading to environmental damages caused by cyclonic storms. Mangroves act as a barrier to wave off cyclonic effects into mainland. Depletion of the Ozone layer is yet another serious threat. Depleting layer of ozone leads to the penetration of ultr a-violet rays of the sun to reach the earth’s surface causing damage of soil properties, bio-degradation and causing skin cancer. Mitigating the effects of climate change can be accomplished by providing possible incentives and through CSR programs aimed at controlling the carbon footprint. Various Multinationals and powerful business houses are motivated to control this aggravating problem and thus taking steps to mitigate carbon emissions. Technological progress has ensured research in this particular field leading to a better understanding of the current scenario. Various software tools have been developed to mark the carbon footprint so that the carbon emission could be reduced by participatory management system. All these technological progress have been possible because complete data have been formulated into respective models of development (Green House Gas Emissions, 2012; Smith, Schellnhuber, & Qader Mirza, n.d.) In your analysis, how certain do we need to be about f uture predictions before acting on this problem? There is enough discourse on reliability of models related to climate change, since climate is a dynamic system. Climate change models are mathematical codes that are run on powerful computers after a series of observations. The confidence in predicted

Monday, October 28, 2019

Economic, Social, and Political Change Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Economic, Social, and Political Change Worksheet Essay Respond to each of the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors that contributed to the agricultural revolution in Europe? The agricultural revolution took place courtesy of three key factors. These factors include warmer temperatures, the three-field system and better farming equipment. In which, contributed to the evolution of European living during medieval time. 2. How did the agricultural revolution change European society? Provide an example. The new found, more productive way of farming in Europe reduced the need of manual laboring workers. This eliminated many jobs on farm lands, yet created coil mining jobs to help power the machines used on the farm. For example the new invention that came through farming. Industrial Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors that contributed to the industrial revolution in Europe? Large population, capital, and people with scientific knowledge and entrepreneurial skills were among the social and economic factors that helped make the Industrial Revolution possible. 3. Describe working conditions in factories and mines between 1800 and 1850. What was life like for a typical worker? Reference at least one primary source to support your response. the working conditions was unbearable. There were many accidents when coal was brought to surface with buckets. Ropes that was used was extremely unstable workers fell to their deaths. There was also children who worked in the dark doe to the families being poor and could not provide candles. Western Social Change Between 1815 and 1914 Write 2 or 3 sentences per concept about how each of the following changed in Western society between 1815 and 1914: 1. Romanticism was an artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century and in most was a peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1840. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature but had a major impact on historiography. 4. The role of women was to basically work and hand their money over to their husbands which they used as a private property income. They were to stay in their place. 5. Science great scientific strides were made. 6. Realism in the art and literature was a rejection of romantic idealism and subjectivity. Realist depicted the challenge of urban and industrial growth by confronting the alienation of modern life. Western Political Change Between 1815 and 1870 Write 2 or 3 sentences per concept about how each of the following changed in Western society between 1815 and 1914: 1. Liberalism two main tenets of liberalism asserted the freedom of the individual and the corruptibility of authority. They believed that less government was government that non interference would produce a harmonious well-ordered world. 7. Conservatism is a political philosophy which embodies a design to prevent change 19th century conservatives believed in the power behind absolute monarchy, the aristocracy and the church. The conservatives of Europe succeeded in creating an era between 1815 and 1914 without war. They did it so through repression of dissension and through enlightment changed Europe. 8. Kulturekampf A conflict from 1872 to 1887 between the German government (headed by Bismarck) and the papacy for the control of schools and Church 9. The Communist Manifestoa socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views. 10. Realpolitik A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

drug traffickers :: essays research papers

The days of getting cash from the bank are long gone. We, as individuals, are now able to enjoy the convenience of using automatic teller machines (ATM), debit, and credit cards. These cards can be used to make payments, purchase goods over the internet, and even pay for gas at the gas station. As you can see, using these cards is just like using cash. Instead of giving paper to the teller, you give a plastic card that would deduct the cost of your purchase from the funds you have in the specified account. Debit and credit card transactions are now considered forms of electronic money. Throughout the years, drug traffickers have utilized many creative ways in which they buy, sell, and deposit profits made from the illegal sale of drugs. An example of this would be through the process of money laundering. Money Laundering involves the establishment of a legitimate business. The launderer would inject increments of ‘drug’ money that would mirror increasing company profit. The individual would then be able to declare the increasing profit on his or her tax returns as to not raise any red flags and resemble the lifestyle of a normal individual. In response to such activities, President Bush signed the U.S.A. Patriot Act on October 26, 2001. This act required all financial institutions to use anti-money-laundering controls (AML). AML technology analyzes transactions at a bank and recognizes suspicious patterns of activity; it also seeks out names of blacklisted individuals and corporations which it can match transactions. With the increase in credit/debit card and AML technology use, it is quite clear that drug traffickers will be worse off than when they were in a predominantly paper(currency) oriented society. With such technology in full effect, drug traffickers will have a harder time moving their cash around the world. It will now be easier to track money transactions for whether we believe it or not, there are individuals that analyze accounts in order to identify and investigate unusual account activity. This would include deposits from certain individuals/companies, deposits of certain amounts (particularly over $10,000), time period of deposits, money transfers, and which countries and accounts the money is being transferred/deposited into. In the age of paper, it would be easier to utilize large amounts of money by laundering it rather than placing it into an electronic account.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Person-centred care Essay

1.1Describe person centred approaches. The term ‘person-centred care’ does exactly what it says – it essentially places the person at the heart of everything that the care worker and the care setting do. The individual’s needs and emotions are the focal point, and any difficulties are resolved in the interest of the person with dementia (rather than attempting to change the behaviour of the individual). It places the person at the centre of all – thinking, discussions, processes and procedures. The person- centred approach also sees the interactions between the person and different elements within their support systems as being of paramount importance, and therefore places emphasis on supporting the system that supports the person i.e. the family and friends, and other professionals. Person centred approach seeks to view the person with dementia as a whole and considers how the person is influenced by factors beyond the physical changes in their brain. 1.2 Explain why person-centred values must influence all aspects of social care work Person-centered values must influence all aspects of health and social care work. The Human Rights Act 1998 makes it a law that health and social care should be based on person-centered values. 1.3 Explain how person-centred values should influence all aspects of social care work If person-centered values become guidelines for health and social care practices. It will definitely help to provide anti-discriminatory practices and help to promote and support individual’s rights to equal opportunities, dignity, independence, choice and safety 2.1Explain how finding out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual contributes to their care plan. Finding out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of a customer, when writing their care plan, ensures: Needs and wishes of the customers are met in their daily routine The Care worker has a factual reference point with which to encourage conversation with the customer Helps the Care worker to understand the customer and therefore have empathy which will result in a high level of care 2.2Describe ways to put person centred values into practice in a complex or sensitive situation. I have a customer who is blind; he lives in the house with his wife. He has 4 children, when we started their care, 3 of his children did not speak to him. The one daughter and their grand daughter took care of shopping (online) amongst other things. His wife went into hospital and the children blame him (never explaining to the care provider how or why this was the case) As the care worker for the customer I naturally have the gentleman’s needs first and foremost. Whilst I was on one of my visits to the customer (this day was usually to receive the online shop and put away amongst other things), I rang my manager as the delivery had not come and time was running out before I went to my next customer. I requested that they ring the family member and was informed that there would be no delivery as the customer had stated that he did not want any more deliveries. When I spoke with the customer he was not aware of this and asked me what he should do. I spoke with my office and asked if it was ok for me to do his shop as I knew what foods he liked, where he liked his shop to be done and also the fact that he trusted me to do this for him as I was his regular carer. The customer was happy for me to do this and I was able to calm him down talking about things that I knew were of interest to him. 2.3Evaluate the use of care plans in applying person centred values I believe that care plans are essential in applying person centred values as when dealing with a customer you must have a thorough medical history so you  can deal with their needs effectively and also deal with the medical services GP/Paramedics. A full history on the background of the customer is also important, knowing what work they have done, what are their hobbies and interests, family members that they may have and how they may help them in their lives, as it is a conversation point and shows that you are interested in the customer and their lives. Knowing your customer gives you an understanding and an empathy with them. 2.4Explain the importance of monitoring an individual’s changing needs or preferences. It is very important to monitor and record a customers changing needs or preferences as it will help to make the customer more comfortable and happy that their requests are being heard and acted upon. It is also important because it will let other carers about any changes and if the customer is acting unusual or saying things that do not seem quiet right the this may be due to the fact that they have a UTI or be unwell in some way. 3.1Describe factors that influence the capacity of an individual to express consent It is crucial for a care worker to be aware and take the matter carefully, because the capability to make decisions among individuals are different. It may look quiet simple o think that people with mental impairment, physical illness or people who have got language barriers, may have a lack of capabilities to express agreement. A care worker will understand how to work sensitively with customers individually and design goals to achieve a successful outcome. The mental capacity act states that every adult has the right to make their own decisions. It must be assumed that they have the capacity to do so, unless it has been proven otherwise. It also states people should be supported in making their own decisions. 3.2Explain how to establish consent for an activity or action. Consent for an activity or action must done in writing and signed by the  customer/family member or a person acting on the customers behalf. 3.3Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established. Consent (permission) must be given before care can be given to a person. To even touch a person when forbidden, can be considered assault. If there is nobody available when an intoxicated, unconscious or impaired customer requires care, then consent is â€Å"implied,† as there is nobody to give that consent. It is assumed that consent would be given by family or that person, if they were able to communicate that. 4.1Explain the principles of active participation Active participation is a partnership between a customer and the care workers whom support them; it is designed around the customers, letting them choose to live their life as independently as possible 4.2Explain how the holistic needs of an individual can be addressed by active participation. Holistic means whole so by a customer being involved in active participation it will treat the customer as a whole. Active participation is will enhance the customers life both mentally and physically. They will benefit by being stimulated by the interaction of others and the activity. 4.3Explain how to work with an individual and others to agree how active participation will be implemented. Firstly you must determine the best way to communicate with the customer you must then determine what activity would be of interest to the customer Contact the relevant professional and arrange a meeting to see how they may actively participate in the activity. A taster session may be given to confirm that the customer is happy to continue. Once the customer is happy with the activity then arrangements for the activity can be confirmed. 4.4Explain how to promote the understanding and use of active participation. Discussion and encouragement with the customer Providing useful information and choice. Using friends and family to encourage Using appropriate activity Pier group encouragement Highlight the benefits of the different activities 5.1Describe different approaches to support an individual to make informed choices. How you support an individual to make informed choices depends predominantly on the customer’s abilities or inabilities. The main support you can give them is information so they can make an informed choice and once they have that information then they are able to make that decision. If a customer is unable to speak then you can give them visual options so they can show you what interest them and what they would like to do. You can also refer to the care plan for extra information on how to best support your customer with their choices. Some customers may have problems with the memory, therefore discussing their choices and writing them down so they have a reference point. 5.2Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that they are made by others. I believe that giving customers the information they need is vital. You can support them by :- Offering to attend any meeting they may have to offer moral support Finding out the information which they may need. Speaking on the customers behalf (if they are not able to speak) Making written notes for customers so they have the information they need in front of them. 5.3Explain the consequences of allowing the personal views of others to influence an individual’s choices If you allow the personal views of others to influence a customers choice then you may find that:- The customer will not have an interest the choices being made May become insular and feel undervalued as their opinion was not taken into consideration. It may spoil the relationship between the customer and carer. Explain the links between identity, self image and self esteem Just because someone is older/ill it does not mean that they cannot keep their own identity. When looking after a customer in their own home you are trying as a carer to help the person maintain as normal and unchanged life as possible. Helping them to remain as independent as possible. 6.1 Explain the links between identity, self image and self esteem The links between identity, self image and self esteem I believe are as follows:- Identity is knowing who you are and what you what identifies you as THE person you are – with that comes self image which again identifies you as THE person who dresses the way you do, wears your hair the way you do etc, with keeping that same identiy and same self image it contributes how you feel about yourself and/or your self esteem. If you are able to keep all of the above in place for a customer then it will benefit them greatly in their day to day life and in any recovery. 6.2Explain factors that contribute to the well-being of an individual Factors which contribute to the well-being of a customer may be as follows:- Familiar Surroundings – living in their own homes and surrounded by their possession People contact – daily contact with people especially family members and friends Good Care Plans – an indepth care plan can give the care worker the knowledge on how to look after the customer to a high standard 6.3 Explain the importance of supporting an individual in a way that promotes their sense of identity, self image and self esteem To enable a customer to live independently in their own home, giving them a sense of identity, self image and self esteem can I believe help in the physical recover of a customer. If they have dementia then it is vital that they keep the identity as familiarity is very important, to make them feel more at ease with what is a very confusing and sometimes upsetting time. 6.4Describe ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being In order to contribute in a positive way, you must firstly know what makes the individual tick Surround the customer with familiar possessions, environment and family and friends. Give the customers the information that they need to feel confident. Enable them to feel confident to question things that make them feel safer 7.1 Compare different uses of risk assessment in adult social care settings There are various uses for doing risk assessments in an adult social care setting Accident Prevention: – carrying out work directions to ensure the safety of the customer and others Prevention of injury to individuals:- Ensuring the correct handling of customers so injury does not happen Prevention of injury to workers and other professional individuals: – Again ensuring the correct handling of customers so the care worker or other professionals are not going to put themselves at risk of injury. Description of procedures or steps:- Ensuring that everything in the written to an exacting standard so other care workers will know the correct steps to ensure the safety of the customer and the care worker. To meet Legal requirements – Rightly so there are rules/regulations and guidelines put into place to protect the customers, care workers and other professionals. These are again done, to protect all concerned. 7.2Explain how risk-taking assessments relate to rights and responsibilities. There are guidelines to follow when doing a risk assessment which are put into place for reasons mainly relating to:- Legal requirement Prevention of danger and harm Clear guidance and instructions. All these are once again for the benefit of customers/care workers and other professionals. 7.3Explain how risk-taking relate to rights and responsibilities. We all need to take some risks in order to have as full a life as possible. Customers have the right to choose the risks they want to take but have the responsibility not to put others in danger. You have a responsibility to support their choices whilst keeping them as safe as possible. 7.4Explain why risk assessments need to be regularly revised Risk Assessments need to be regularly revisited as circumstances change i.e. condition of the customer and that of their surroundings. 7.5 Explain the importance of using agreed risk assessment processes to support choice Using agreed risk assessment processes to support choice are essential as this supports the safety and well being of the customer and that of the care worker and other professionals who come in contact with the customer and their property. It is essential to discuss the risk assessment with the customers as they are the people best placed to make a contribution.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Understanding Mixed Research Methods

Understanding Mixed Research Methods our site Dissertation TopicsWhat Are Mixed Research Methods? Simply put, mixed research is the combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodology, and is used in studies where there is a need for a better understanding of the problem. The main benefits of mixed methods research are as follows: Better understanding of the research problem More insight than simple quantitative methods Allows the validation of qualitative and quantitative methods Provides more information than single method research There are, however, some limitations and disadvantages of mixed method research design, as well, such as: The complexity of the research data makes it hard to interpret and analyse Takes a lot of time to plan and execute There is a greater chance that discrepancies will arise than in single method research The main differences between mono and multiple methods are presented in the below graph. The Purpose of Mixed Methods Research The main reason why most students and researchers use mixed methods is because one type of data would not be enough to provide answers to the research questions or test the hypothesis. In other cases, the secondary method is added to improve the quality of the data, or, the study might have multiple phases. Mixed methods are popular today, as many researchers are looking to investigate issues from different perspectives. If the findings of one research method are unexpected, a second method might be needed to interpret the discrepancies. The application of mixed methods is the most common in the following fields: Nursing and social care Educational research Sociology Psychology Political sciences How to Design a Mixed Resesarch Study? It is important to determine the sequence of data collection and clarify the analysis methods. First, the author will need to choose the mixed research design they would like to use in their study. There are four main mixed research design approaches used in health and social studies, education, marketing: Sequential explanatory design This method first collects and analyses quantitative data, and later validate and explain the results using qualitative research. The focus of this approach is on the quantitative research, and the qualitative study helps put the results into context. Sequential exploratory design In this approach, the first research conducted is qualitative, followed by a quantitative study that is integrated in the interpretation of the results. The focus of this study design is on quantitative data. You can use this research design to explore a phenomenon in detail or test a new theory. Concurrent triangulation In this method, qualitative and quantitative research have equal priority, and they are conducted separately. The results of the two individual data collections are discussed in the interpretation of the findings. This mixed method is most suitable for validating the results of one method with the other. Concurrent nested In this method, the author will need to choose a dominant data collection method, and nest the results of the other type of research in the interpretation phase of the study. The information is interpreted together, to provide a deeper understanding of a phenomenon. Before deciding which method to choose, it is important to plan where the point of interface between the two research methods will be: at the point of Data collection Data analysis Interpretation The Mixed Methods Research Design Mixed methods research is more complicated than either quantitative or qualitative. Therefore, you must plan your data collection, analysis, and interpretation phases carefully. Use the below flow chart to create your own design that is fit for the purpose of your study. First, develop your research questions for the qualitative and quantitative studies. Next, you will need to identify your samples and determine the sample size of both qualitative and quantitative data collection. Decide whether the sample sizes will be equal or unequal. Finally, make a plan for merging qualitative and quantitative data and interpreting them in a logical way. How to Make the Most Out of Your Mixed Research Design? You must ensure that you have a clear research strategy that describes your methodological approach and the interpretation of the results. You need to describe the different phases of research, such as exploration, triangulation, complimentarity, transformation of data, and the dissemination of the results. It is important that when you structure your mixed method research, you clarify this in the methodology section and cover the data collection and analysis methods separately for qualitative and quantitative research. Likewise, you will have to first present the findings of both research together, followed by the synthesis of findings and the results section. Develop your research questions and add sub-questions that further focus on the specific aspects of the issue you investigate using mixed methods. You need to focus on the Rationale section of your paper and effectively communicate why using the mixed research method prov ides a better understanding of the issue than single methodologies. Always justify your choice of data collection. Do not neglect theories and theses. Using a mixed methodology can help you test your hypotheses better, develop new theses, or confirm research statements or answer important questions related to the field. Just like other research designs, your study will need to include the limitations of the research, as well as the insights you gained through the study. Good mixed research studies are well developed, clear, integrate the quality standards of both qualitative and quantitative research, provide more information than standard studies, and include the discussion of ethical issues related to the mixed methodology. Get Help with Your Mixed Methods Research Design Planning your mixed research design can be overwhelming, and you might feel like you are unable to develop clear research questions that are related to both data collection and analysis methods. Merging information to gain a greater insight into problems is the main benefit of using mixed research, however, the approach is not without challenges. Talk to our site and let our professional academic writers and editors help you design your mixed methods research.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Global Beer Market Trends Essays

Global Beer Market Trends Essays Global Beer Market Trends Essay Global Beer Market Trends Essay At the turn of the century, the top 10 brewers accounted for just over one-third of global beer sales volumes. The past decade has seen a rapid consolidation, resulting in the top four brewers – Anheuser-Busch InBev, SABMiller, Heineken and Carlsberg – accounting for almost 50% of beer sales volumes and up to 75% of the global profit pool2. Consolidation has continued in the past 12 months with further transactions in Mexico and China. As the pace of consolidation slows in the future, organic volume growth is expected to come from developing markets along with value creation opportunities in developed markets. Alcohol trends Category trends show a dichotomy between developing and developed beer markets. With incomes rising in emerging markets, consumers have shifted from informal, often commoditised, unregulated forms of alcohol to aspirational, attractively branded and safer beer products. The period from 1999 to 2008 saw commercially produced beer increasing its share of total alcohol consumption in emerging markets by over 800 bps from 32. 8% in 1999 to 41. % in 2008 on a pure alcohol basis. The same period saw a moderate decline in developed markets to 35. 2% in 2008. The economic crisis caused an overall downturn in 2009 – one that was further exacerbated by government fiscal pressures leading to increases in beer excise and other taxation in order to raise funds. The consequent consumer price increases have constrained beer volume growth while favouring unregulated forms of alcohol. As the global economy improves, rising incomes continue to be a significant factor in developing beer markets as the category grows at the expense of illicit, high-alcohol spirits. : In Africa, Latin America and Asia in particular, the rise in consumption is closely correlated to population and income growth3. Beer growth trends Over the past five years the beer category has maintained a compound average growth rate (CAGR) of 3. 5% globally. However, this reflects two very different pictures in emerging and developed markets with emerging markets growing at an average rate of 6. 8% while developed markets declined by 3. 4%. The largest contributors to this growth have been China (now the worlds largest beer market), Africa and Eastern Europe. Given the economic pressures, total global beer consumption grew by less than 1% in 2009. That said, strong growth trends continued in some key emerging markets. China recorded an increase of over 7%, despite being hampered by heavy snow and wet weather that affected consumer demand. Africa experienced robust growth of 4%, driven by Angola, DR Congo, Mozambique and Nigeria. In Eastern Europe, certain beer markets contracted in 2009 as rising unemployment and declining on-premise consumption halted growth. Regulatory challenges created further headwinds in markets such as Russia and the beer market there declined 6% as a result. Macroeconomic indicators improved in some markets in the last three months of 2009. However, the drivers of beer consumption such as falling unemployment and rising consumption expenditure are expected to lag behind the recoveries in GDP. North America, hit hard in 2009 by high unemployment, particularly among men of beer-drinking age, is expected to see only slight growth. Globally, the beer market is expected to grow by 1. % in 2010, led by a continuing strong performance in Asia, Africa and Latin America. China is expected to grow by 6. 5%, Africa by 3. 1% and Latin America by almost 3%. Western Europe is expected to continue the trend of declining beer volumes, driven by a shift in consumption to other beverages and the decline of on-premise consumption. Looking further ahead to 2014, the top 15 growth markets are forecast to deliver compounded annual growt h of 3%. China is expected to account for more than 45% of this growth with the USA, Vietnam, Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, Mexico and Peru making up most of the balance. Beer segment trends Across consumer goods sectors in general, the trend towards premiumisation accelerated in the past decade but slowed in the last 18 months as economic conditions worsened and consumers reverted to mainstream and economy segments. As economies improve, the trend towards premium will resume as consumers become more willing to pay for authentic, more image-oriented brands that reflect their socio-economic and lifestyle aspirations. The premiumisation trend has not altered the fact that beer remains very much a local beverage in terms of both production and consumer brand preferences. International brands account for just over 6% of the worlds beer consumption and this proportion has changed little over the last 10 years. Rather, what has happened is that urbanisation and a growing middle class in emerging markets have led to the growth of local premium brands. These offer premium packaging, positioning and variety, but are sold at a price accessible to many more consumers than international imported products. The resulting scale and higher profit margins make this a very attractive industry segment. 1. All data sourced from Canadean unless otherwise noted. 2. BofAMerrilLynch report: Investing in Global Brewers 19 April 2010. Canadean, Internal analysis. Principal risks The principal risks facing the group, which have been considered by the board, are detailed below. The group’s well-developed risk management process is detailed in the corporate governance section of the Annual Report and our financial risks are discussed in the Chief Financial Officer’s review and in note 22 to the consolidated financial statements. Risk: Industry consolidation Context? The global brewing industry is expected to continue to consolidate, albeit more slowly, creating opportunities to enter attractive growth markets and realise synergy benefits from integration and to leverage global scale. Risk? Failure to participate in value-adding transactions; overpaying for a transaction; and failure to implement integration plans successfully after transactions are completed. Possible impact? Lower growth rate, profitability and financial returns. Mitigation 3. Potential transactions are subject to rigorous analysis. Only opportunities with potential to create value are pursued. . Proven integration processes, procedures and practices are applied to deliver expected returns. 5. Activities to deliver synergies and leverage scale are in place, monitored closely and continuously enhanced. Associated strategic priorities * Creating a balanced and attractive global spread of businesses. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably Risk: Cha nge in consumer preferences Context? Consumer tastes and behaviours are constantly evolving and competitor activity is increasing and becoming more sophisticated. Strong brand portfolios together with excellence in marketing and sales execution are required if we are to meet consumer, shopper and customer needs. Risk? Failure to ensure the attractiveness of our brands; failure to continuously improve our marketing and related sales capability to deliver consumer relevant propositions. Possible impact? Market positions come under pressure, lower volume growth rates and profitability. Mitigation 6. Ongoing focus on building our marketing and sales capabilities through continued roll-out and enhancement of the SABMiller Marketing Way. 7. Ensuring that our brand equities remain strong through relevant innovation and compelling marketing programmes. 8. Ongoing evaluation of our brand portfolios in every market to ensure that they target current and future opportunities for profitable growth. Associated strategic priorities * Developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win in the local market. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Leveraging our skills and global scale. Risk: Management capability impairment Context? We believe that our people are our enduring advantage. It is essential therefore that we identify, develop and retain global management capability. Risk? Failure to develop and maintain a sufficient cadre of talented management. Possible impact? Potential lower long-term profitable growth. Mitigation 9. Effective and well-developed strategic people resourcing and talent management processes. 10. A strong culture of accountability, empowerment and personal development. 11. Standardisation of key processes and best practices across the group through the roll-out of the SABMiller Ways. Associated strategic priorities Developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win in the local market. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Leveraging our skills and global scale. Risk: Regulatory changes Context ? The alcohol industry is coming under increasing pressure from regulators, NGOs and tax authorities as the debate over alcohol consumption continues in many markets. Risk? Regulation places increasing restri ctions on pricing (including tax), availability and marketing of beer and drives changes in consumption behaviour. Possible impact? Lower profitability growth and reduced contribution to local communities in some countries. Mitigation 12. Rigorous adherence to the principle of self-regulation backed by appropriate policies and management review. 13. Constructive engagement with government and all external stakeholders on alcohol-related issues. 14. Investment to improve the economic and social impact of our businesses in local communities and working in partnership with governments and NGOs. Associated strategic priorities * Creating a balanced and attractive global spread of businesses. Developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win in the local market. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Risk: Raw material volatility * Context ? Recent volatility in the supply and pricing in some of our key raw materials. * Risk? Failure to obtain an adequate supply of brewing and packaging raw materials at competitive prices. * Possible impact? Lower profitability and occasional su pply disruption. Mitigation 15. Contractual agreements with suppliers covering multiple time horizons, combined with an active hedging programme. 6. Programmes to support development of local sourcing for certain key commodities, such as barley, in Africa, India and Latin America. Associated strategic priorities * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Leveraging our skills and global scale. * Risk: Economic environment * Context ? Recent global recession with weak GDP growth projected in 2010. Uncertain economic growth and rising unemployment have resulted in weak consumer demand which has, in some cases, been compounded by currency weakness. Risk? Our marketing, operating and financial responses may not be timely or adequate to respond to changing consumer demand. * Possible impact? Lower short-term growth rates and profitability. Mitigation 17. Actions to restructure operations in certain countries to reflect current or expected deterioration in local economic conditions. 18 . Maintaining and extending our local industry leadership positions through appropriate investments in our brands, focus on local execution and development of commercial capability. 19. Increased emphasis on cash flow management. Associated strategic priorities * Creating a balanced and attractive global spread of businesses. * Developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win in the local market. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Risk: Delivering transformation * Context ? The group has begun executing a major business capability programme that will simplify processes, reduce costs and allow local management teams to enhance focus on their markets. * Risk? Failure to execute and derive benefits from the projects currently under way. Mitigation 20. Senior leadership closely involved in monitoring progress and in making key decisions. 21. Rigorous programme management and governance processes with dedicated resources. Associated strategic priorities * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Leveraging our skills and global scale. * * Possible impact? Increased project costs, business disruption and reduced competitive advantage in the medium term.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Equus Essay Example

Equus Essay Example Equus Essay Equus Essay Essay Topic: Equus Equus Dysart Analysis In his telling of a dream he had, Dysart describes an unusual ritual in which he is responsible for killing young boys and girls and removing their organs so that his assistant priests can analyze them. With amazing surgical skill, Dysart manages to cut up child after child, feeling sicker with each one. However, he tries not to make his nausea flagrant to the other priests, for he fears that he will be next to be sacrificed if he is exposed. While trying to maintain a professional and apathetic appearance, he feels his mask, which was covering his sickened face, slip to reveal his â€Å"green sweat,† a sign of weakness. As a result, the priests tear the knife out of his hand, causing him to wake up. When a person dreams, all of his or her subconscious fears or pains are allowed out. However, since the actual pain or fear may be too intense for the person to handle, the mind uses symbols to create a dream through which all of the pain and fear is released. In this case, it appears that Dysart has the constant underlying fear of being seen as weak or a fraud by either his patients or his colleagues (the priests). He is afraid that every move he makes is being watched and that his â€Å"mask,† or reputation, will not be able to protect him. He sees himself as a very confident and strong person when behind this â€Å"mask,† but deep down he has problems of his own that will be seen as weak. From the above statement, it could be deduced that while he tries to help others and show security in tough times, he is actually very insecure at a deeper level and has the constant fear of this insecurity being exposed. The sacrifice itself symbolizes the main theme that he hates his job in which he peels away layers of children’s minds using psychoanalysis, or his â€Å"knife. † By peeling away layers of the children, he is, in a sense, taking away their uniqueness and making them all the same, hence his wording: â€Å"a herd of children,† symbolizing a herd of sheep, which are all the same. His sickness and nausea in his dream is symbolic of the guilt he feels from cutting open children psychologically, just as he is trying to do to Allen. The diction especially emphasizes his hatred and guilt for his job, using the word â€Å"red,† symbolizing blood, to describe the soil. Thus far, he has only begun to peel away the layers behind Allen’s obsession with horses. As the text goes on, more and more is revealed until a complete picture is created.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Tricks and Tips on How to Pre-Read Text

Tricks and Tips on How to Pre-Read Text Pre-reading is the process of skimming a text to locate key ideas before carefully  reading a text (or a chapter of a text) from start to finish. Also called ​previewing or surveying. Pre-reading provides an overview that can increase reading speed and efficiency. Pre-reading typically involves looking at (and thinking about) titles, chapter introductions, summaries, headings, subheadings, study questions, and conclusions. Observations on Pre-Reading To be successful today, it not only becomes necessary to skim, but it becomes essential to skim well.(Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford University Press, 2011.) Pre-reading strategies allow students to think about what they already know about a given topic and predict what they will read or hear. Before students read any text, teachers can direct their attention to how a text is organized, teach unfamiliar vocabulary or other concepts, search for the main idea, and provide students with a purpose for reading or listening. Most importantly, teachers can use pre-reading strategies to increase students interest in a text.(Brassell, Danny and Timothy Rasinski. Comprehension That Works. Shell Education, 2008.) Understand the Purpose of Pre-Reading Pre-reading encompasses all of the things that you do, before you start reading, to increase your capacity to understand the material. In many cases, taking just a few minutes to learn more about what you are about to read can dramatically increase your reading comprehension and retention. . . . If you build the big picture before you start, you begin reading the text with a conceptual framework already in place. Then, when you encounter a new detail or a new bit of evidence in your reading, your mind will know what to do with it.(Austin, Michael. Reading the World: Ideas That Matter. W.W. Norton, 2007.) Know the Four Steps (4 Ps) Pre-reading includes four steps: preview, predict, prior knowledge, and purpose. You can remember these steps by thinking of them as the 4 Ps. Previewing is taking a quick look at a reading before trying to understand the whole thing... [In predicting, you] look at clues from what you read, see, or already know to figure out what information you are likely to get from the reading... Prior knowledge is what you know about a subject before you begin a new reading about it... The fourth P in prereading is purpose... Figuring out an authors purpose will help you understand what you read.(Content-Area Reading Strategies for Language Arts. Walch Publishing, 2003.) Generate Questions Begin by having students identify their purpose for reading. Then, lead students in generating a list of pre-reading questions that will help them to achieve their purpose.(Successful Strategies for Reading in the Content Areas. 2nd ed., Shell Education, 2008.) Skim a Book Systematically Skimming or  pre-reading is  the first sublevel of inspectional reading. Your main aim is to discover whether the book requires a more careful reading... The habit of skimming should not take much time to acquire. Here are some suggestions about how to do it. You have now skimmed the book systematically; you have given it the first type of inspectional reading. Look at the title page and, if the book has one, at its preface. Read each quickly.Study the table of contents to obtain a general sense of the books structure; use it as you would a road map before taking a trip.Check the index if the book has one- most expository works do. Make a quick estimate of the range of topics covered and of the kinds of books and authors referred to.If the book is a new one with a dust jacket, read the publishers blurb.From your general and still rather vague knowledge of the books contents, look now at the chapters that seem to be pivotal to its argument. If these chapters have summary statements in their opening or closing pages, as they often do, read these statements carefully.Finally, turn the pages, dipping in here and there, reading a paragraph or two, sometimes several pages in sequences, never more than that. (Adler, Mortimer J. and Charles Van Doren.  How to Read a Book: The Classic Guide to Intelligent Reading. Touchstone edition, 2014.)

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Criminal Law Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Law Master - Case Study Example The physical elements are collectively called the actus reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea. It is the fundamental duty of the prosecution to prove both of these elements of the offence to the satisfaction of the judge or jury beyond reasonable doubt. In the absence of such proof the defendant will be acquitted." (http://www.lawteacher.net/Actus%20Reus%20Lecture.php ) To illustrate it in a better manner, in an English case, however, where a man ran at his mistress to hit her and the women jumped out of the window and thus met her death, it was held that the jumping out of the window was contributed to by the appellant's unlawful act and on that ground alone a verdict of murder might well have been returned but it was mercifully reduced to manslaughter.(R. v. Curley (1909) 2 Cr App R 109) Criminal Intention and the knowledge of the probable consequences of the act committed are important to prove in order to bring an action under homicide or murder. Where a person had an altercation with his wife in the street outside their home during which he struck her and she fell uncons cious and in his trial to drag her away in that state caused a fatal injury, he was convicted of manslaughter. It was decided by the court that the defendant cannot be set free as it can be said initially the intention was not there but later on the subsequent action that caused the fatal injury was done to conceal the commission of the unlawful assault.(R. v. Leburn,(1991) 3 WLR 653(CA) The Court of Appeal has laid down in R. v. Nedrick that knowledge or foresight of the probable consequences of an act cannot take the place of intention.(1986)3 All ER 1 CA) It can be said that Culpable homicide is murder, if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death, or it is done with the intention of causing such bodily injury as the offender knows to be likely to cause the death of the person to whom the harm is caused, or if it is done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any person and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death, or if the person committing the act knows that it is so imminently dangerous that it must, in all probability, cause death or such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, and commits such act without any excuse for incurring the risk of causing death or such injury as aforesaid. According to the Homicide Act 1957 s.1 "Where a person kills another in the course or furtherance of some other offence, the killing shall not amount to murder unless done with the same malice aforethought (express or implied) as is required for a killing to amount to murder when not done in the course or furtherance of another offence." Throughout English Criminal Law it is the duty of prosecution to prove the accused's guilt. In every charge of murder, if the prosecution have proved homicide, namely, the killing by the accused, the prosecution must prove further that the killing was malicious and murder, as there is no presumption that the act was

Expansion & growth is the topic to write about Essay

Expansion & growth is the topic to write about - Essay Example Later, in the 16th century, California became under the control of Spanish and British colonizers. Gradually, the settlers began to control the indigenous population. The Bear Flag Revolt in the year 1846 in California is symbolic of the rebellious attitude of the settlers and the formation of California Republic. The California Gold Rush (say, between1848 and1855) is another major period in the history of California. During this period, the influx of immigrants in search of gold changed the distribution of population in California. Later, the Compromise of 1850 led to the formation of California as a free state within the United States of America. Earlier than European colonization, California was sparsely populated because the Native Americans used to settle in different areas of California. The European settlement resulted influx of immigrants and rapid urbanization. To be specific, the California Gold Rush or the influx of gold-seekers resulted in the rapid urbanization of California. The small settlements in California rapidly transformed into towns and cities. Now, California enjoys the largest gross state product (GSP) among the states within the United States of America. Ignacio Gonzalez stated that â€Å"In February 2001, California’s unemployment rate dropped to 4.5 percent, the lowest level since the late 1960s† (351). The growth in GSP is most important because it represents the expansion and growth of California. In the present condition, the Californian economy depends upon international trade and commerce. Transportation facilities in California consist of the network of roads (freeways, expressways and highways), airways (commercial and general aviation), seaports (for example, Port of Los Angeles) and rail lines (intercity rail lines, light rail systems etc). Summing, the expansion and growth of California from a small settlement area to a free state and its development is interconnected

Friday, October 18, 2019

Why can't we outlaw war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why can't we outlaw war - Essay Example War has existed from the dawn of humankind. Six thousand years ago, wars existed between tribes. A classic example is cemeteries found in the Nubian valley, people who died because of conflicts. Zulu kingdom is another example; in 1820s, Shaka fought the tribe of Ndwandwe and killed more than 40,000 people. War as gone through evolution, from using of stones and slings to the present nuclear bombs. A case in hand was the Second World War, where nuclear bomb was used, and over 70 million people died. However, what triggers war? It occurs because of several reasons. It could be a territorial dispute, minerals, and oil, example Iraq invading Kuwait in 1990s. Making wars involves the use of weapons. There has been an evolution of weapons from the use of crude ones like spears to the deadliest ones like the nuclear bombs. Bombs are now more deadly and accurate than before. This is evidenced by the case of precision guided bombs that only kills and destroys where it was intended. Atomic bomb, which kills many people, destroys property, and has prolonged side effects, has ushered in the era of the nuclear age (Eichensehr and Reisman54). The effects of war are adverse, diseases, hunger, pandemics and famines are just but a few. Given the above facts, we keep asking is war justified. Actually, we should not fight rather look for other options to our difference. Critics argue that war is necessary for a prosperous society. The results of any war are killings, destruction and loss of property. Wars dominated the past century. In the First World War, nearly eleven million people lost their lives, around fifty in the Second World War. The new century has ushered in the shed of blood such as the attack of Afghanistan and Iraq by the US forces. The causes of war in most cases are not natural but rather the divisions amongst us in form classes. People in a certain class find ways and means of protecting their

Analysis Music Project Chopin Nocturne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis Music Project Chopin Nocturne - Essay Example â€Å"Music is what feelings sound like,† this quotation from an unknown author says it all. Just as Gustav Mahler once said, â€Å"If a composer could say what he had to say in words he would not bother trying to say it in music.† One of the most distinguished composers of the 19th century is Frà ©dà ©ric Chopin. Chopin was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, and is considered by many as the epitome of the Romantic style in classical music. Regarded as a child prodigy pianist, I look up to him, as my model and inspiration, since I too, play the piano. Chopin’s works are masterpieces and mainstays of the Romanticism in the 19th century. One of the major innovations in forms of music that he was responsible for is the nocturne. The nocturne is basically a work of art dealing with evening or night, usually a dreamy pensive piano composition. Having written 21 of these, Chopin’s nocturnes are written in a somewhat melancholy style, with an expressive dreamy melody, over broken-chord accompaniment. The major of Chopin’s nocturnes adopt a simple A-B-A form, wherein the A part is usually in a dreamy style, and the B style is a part of a more dramatic content. Considering the melody, harmony, and originality of piano style, Chopin’s nocturnes leave other composers behind, although his style is very much similar with Bellini’s cavatina.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

The University's Code of Conduct Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The University's Code of Conduct - Lab Report Example But CQU guarantees the environment that is free from bullied, unlawful discrimination or sexually harassment. Supervisors are not only responsible for this code of conduct but staff members are also responsible to maintain an environment free from bullied, unlawful discrimination or sexually harassment. To avoid harassment and unlawful discrimination in the institution, supervisor is aware of workplace culture, staff attitude, rate of absenteeism of the staff and staff turnover. Staff members have right to make a complaint if they are suffering from workplace harassment, sexual harassment and unlawful discrimination. There are different options for the resolution of complaints, such as: (i) Expressing mistakes, responsible for workplace harassment, to a person who is conducting them (ii) Making complaint to the relevant person who is dealing with lodging of formal complaints (iii) Seeking advice from cultural director (iv) Getting fruitful advice from Employee Assistance Program (EAP ) (v) Bringing the issue in the notice of Anti-discrimination Commission or Human Rights Commission. Ethically it is required that the issue of harassment or unlawful discrimination is kept confidential and the issue should be resolved at best lowest possible level to win the trust of the staff members. The purpose of the avoiding such type of harassment and discrimination, which is an undesirable situation, is that to provide employees an opportunity to work in safe and respectable environment, that is free from bullying, sexual harassment, and any kind of discrimination. University Staff members, Visitors, Council members and Contractors head this policy. The policy does not cover the grievances related to the classification level, workload and condition of employment. It is necessary that resolution must be addressed in accordance with the resolution mechanism. Two major parties are involved in this procedure: first is the complainant; who identifies the staff member who witnesse d the bullying, sexual harassment, or unlawful discrimination. The other party is respondent; is a person whom complaint has been made regarding bullying, sexual harassment, or unlawful discrimination. Responsibility for implementation puts on Vice Chancellor, President and Immediate Boss to comply with the policy and no to tolerate any unacceptable behavior in the institution. The policy implementation is monitored by the people and cultural director of the institution. Complaint Resolution Overview CQ University ensures the working environment that is free from bullying, sexual harassment, or unlawful discrimination and Central Queensland University Enterprise Agreement (2009) ensures solid procedure that will not tolerate these behaviors that cause this situation. To resolve the harassment and discrimination, university uses different procedures that will be discussed later on. Complaint Resolution Procedures One-on-One Resolution In the first instance, complainant may seek to ad dress the issue to the respondent if he/she feels comfortable and safe for doing so. Otherwise complainant may seek assistance from the supervisor or cultural director who deals with this procedure. The issue can be resolved by apologizing, providing training or counseling or stopping the alleged behavior. Other way is to seek policy advice, support or guidance on how to address the is

Critical thinking in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical thinking in management - Essay Example Moreover, it is significant to understand that employees because play a great role among other defining factors. The question will be answered by including all the main arguments, the theories, authors who have contributed in their knowledge and understanding and case examples to illustrate the above arguments. Further, the question requires annotated bibliography and it will be provided at the end of the essay. Essay body Organisational behavior is a field which studies how people think, act and feel within a setting of an organisation (Sapru 2008). Outstanding managers have been identified and they possess four types of skills, which allow them to handle the process of behavior management effectively (Sapru 2008: 276). These steps include; being familiar with behavioral challenge, the ability to pick out the causes of current behavior, identifying a strategy for attaining behavioral goals, and the ability to implement and adjust the chosen strategy as required (Parler & Ritson 2005 : 1276). These are the pillars of management theory as discussed by Hartley (2006), Tsukamoto-Wagner (2008), and Brownlie et al (2008). On the other hand, guru theory is based on the assumption that the gurus promote maxims, which specify the behavior rules, but they never increase the managers’ competence as in the works of Bos & Heusinkveld (2007), Collins (2001), Parler and Ritson (2005), and Barabba et al (2002). However, the theory is significant when applied from the manager’s side. Organizational behavior in management is best handled using behavioral theories that are well discussed by Bucklin et al (2000) and Baron and Greenberg (2008). This field of study was created around 1900 and its major perspectives have included scientific management (Tsukamoto-Wagner 2008: 361), human relations approach (Van de Ven 2003), and contingency approach as the latest (MANAGE 2012: 1). According to the analyses of Wallach (1983: 32), Alvero et al. (2000: 43), and Tompkins (20 05: 398), the contingency approach recognises organisational behavior as a complex field of study, driven by different characters. Managers in organisations need to understand this and develop their personal answers to some extent. Fayol’s theory of competitive strategy is said to be advocated by foyol for management education, both as a profession and a discipline. In this case, Yoo et al (2006: 360), Wright (2006) Williams (2003), The Wisest (2011), Collins (2003), and Black et al. (1992) approached the competative strategy theory from different perspectives. The diversity of this theory makes it compartible with many other approaches and when blended, any organisation will be able to achieve a working successful behavior. Findings A combination of Organisational behavior management with the other theories is the best aspect of managing organisations (Wallach 1983: 32). This is significant because there is no signle theory that can be said to solve all managerial challenges or to be applied successfully in managerial behavior. Therefore, the approach requires application of psychological principles of organisational be

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

The University's Code of Conduct Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The University's Code of Conduct - Lab Report Example But CQU guarantees the environment that is free from bullied, unlawful discrimination or sexually harassment. Supervisors are not only responsible for this code of conduct but staff members are also responsible to maintain an environment free from bullied, unlawful discrimination or sexually harassment. To avoid harassment and unlawful discrimination in the institution, supervisor is aware of workplace culture, staff attitude, rate of absenteeism of the staff and staff turnover. Staff members have right to make a complaint if they are suffering from workplace harassment, sexual harassment and unlawful discrimination. There are different options for the resolution of complaints, such as: (i) Expressing mistakes, responsible for workplace harassment, to a person who is conducting them (ii) Making complaint to the relevant person who is dealing with lodging of formal complaints (iii) Seeking advice from cultural director (iv) Getting fruitful advice from Employee Assistance Program (EAP ) (v) Bringing the issue in the notice of Anti-discrimination Commission or Human Rights Commission. Ethically it is required that the issue of harassment or unlawful discrimination is kept confidential and the issue should be resolved at best lowest possible level to win the trust of the staff members. The purpose of the avoiding such type of harassment and discrimination, which is an undesirable situation, is that to provide employees an opportunity to work in safe and respectable environment, that is free from bullying, sexual harassment, and any kind of discrimination. University Staff members, Visitors, Council members and Contractors head this policy. The policy does not cover the grievances related to the classification level, workload and condition of employment. It is necessary that resolution must be addressed in accordance with the resolution mechanism. Two major parties are involved in this procedure: first is the complainant; who identifies the staff member who witnesse d the bullying, sexual harassment, or unlawful discrimination. The other party is respondent; is a person whom complaint has been made regarding bullying, sexual harassment, or unlawful discrimination. Responsibility for implementation puts on Vice Chancellor, President and Immediate Boss to comply with the policy and no to tolerate any unacceptable behavior in the institution. The policy implementation is monitored by the people and cultural director of the institution. Complaint Resolution Overview CQ University ensures the working environment that is free from bullying, sexual harassment, or unlawful discrimination and Central Queensland University Enterprise Agreement (2009) ensures solid procedure that will not tolerate these behaviors that cause this situation. To resolve the harassment and discrimination, university uses different procedures that will be discussed later on. Complaint Resolution Procedures One-on-One Resolution In the first instance, complainant may seek to ad dress the issue to the respondent if he/she feels comfortable and safe for doing so. Otherwise complainant may seek assistance from the supervisor or cultural director who deals with this procedure. The issue can be resolved by apologizing, providing training or counseling or stopping the alleged behavior. Other way is to seek policy advice, support or guidance on how to address the is

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

NetFlix company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

NetFlix company - Essay Example Another reason why the mission statement of Netflix should be reformulated is because its company philosophy does not appear in the statement. The company’s basic beliefs, values and aspirations are not reflected in their mission statement. What is clear in their statement is where their strategies are directed and what they want to be in the future. The firm’s strategy of increasing its streaming subscription globally is the appropriate strategy for the company. Over time, it is expected that their domestic DVD by mail service to decline significantly in the near future; thus, their strategy to focus on their streaming service is a good move for the company. Netflix has decreased its budget in their DVD business to allocate more to its global streaming business (Netflix, Inc. 8). One can say that this strategy of Netflix has produced the desired results because as of the first quarter of 2012, there was an additional three million streaming subscribers; therefore, reaching a total of 26 million global subscribers (Netflix 1). This strategy further strengthened their position as the world’s leading internet TV network (Netflix 1). The domestic streaming service alone contributed $67 million to the company’s profit, which is 13% contribution margin (Netflix 1). Indeed, the firm’s strategy is providing them a relevant competitive advantage and is working well for them. Another strategy implemented by Netflix that is to their advantage is their continuous move to increase the quantity and quality of their TV shows and movies. Their approach is to sign licensing agreement with TV and movie outfits and major film distributors and producers in order to reinforce their content offerings and have a steady flow of new titles (Netflix 2-3). This is a competitive advantage which they enjoy over their competitors. As

Monday, October 14, 2019

Visual Arts and Social Advocacy Essay Example for Free

Visual Arts and Social Advocacy Essay Art is basically a social construction. It is a mere representation of the experiences of the artist himself, thus it can never be real. Groups of people agree to a certain thing. The capacity of man to receive another mans expression of feeling and the experience those feelings himself is where the activity of art is based (Tolstoy, 1896). In arts, imagination and creativity is used to make things aesthetically significant; something that is perceptible to the senses, pleasurable and satisfying to the percipients. Thus, appreciation of art is not just because of the aesthetic satisfaction. An artist wants to communicate various things; an artist wants to communicate the experience that he or she had, the act of expressing the experience that he or she had and the gratifying experience of the artist for having accomplished something meaningful and or significant. There are three kinds of art forms according to the medium used; the visual or space art, the auditory or time arts and the combined arts. Visual or space art can be seen and occupies space. There are two major forms of art in visual arts; the two-dimensional art which portrays width and length, these can be found in art forms such as paintings, photography, prints and drawings, there is what we also call the three-dimensional art in which it portrays width, length and depth, this can be found in sculptures and landscape. The auditory or time arts is the kind of art that can be heard and expressed in time, various mediums such as musical instruments and poems can be used in this kind of art. Combined arts is the combination of visual arts and auditory arts, this can be seen in theatre arts, drama, plays, movies and the likes. Art in any period simultaneously reflects two things; the genius of the maker, artist or inventor and the sensibility, characteristic values and attitudes towards the important aspect of life that are held by the society in which the work was formed. What is a mural? Murals are art forms which are visible to the naked eye, these are usually paintings; it is categorized as a kind of visual arts. These are art forms which are usually painted on walls, ceilings and tiles. Public murals are usually in large scale and are shown to the public; these are usually painted on public walls and streets. Murals can give an extra elegance, beauty and character to a park, school walls, buildings and bridges. Murals usually tell us stories and ideas of its maker and of the society. Thus, murals can be a great cause of vandalism and future deterioration that is why there are organizations that have been managing and restoring murals to be able to make it a part of the cultural legacy of a certain nation. Due to the fact that murals are outdoor it is very much susceptible to damage and deterioration; urban grimes and pollution can fade the vibrant color of murals, the heat of the sun can crack the paint and moist will allow the paint to peel off ( City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs, 2007). Murals in Los Angeles The city of angels. Los Angeles seems to be a center-less place, malls are scattered all over the area that divides between the people of the locality, a city which is smog-full due to the fact that Los Angeles is a commercial and progressive place; well known for being one of the world’s center of technology, international trade, science, culture and higher education. However, Los Angeles makes sense as a whole because of the murals scattered everywhere; in the streets, bridges and in the walls of the buildings, if not because of the murals Los Angeles would seem to be a place full of walls, buildings and nothing more. Murals in Los Angeles actually represent the city and its historical background and accomplishments due to the fact that most of the themes of the murals around the vicinity of Los Angeles is about the city’s history. During the nineteen-sixties and seventies there were only few isolated and scattered murals found in Los Angeles but through time murals have been increasing. There were few muralists who have helped in inspiring the new generation of muralists, such muralists were Jose Orozco, David Siqueiros and Diego Rivera. The young muralists listed were Judith Baca, Frank Romero, Terry Schoonhoven, Kent Twitchell, Alonzo Davis, the East Los Streetscrapers and many other muralists; these are only few of the muralists that helped create the thousand of murals we now can see in Los Angeles. Los Angeles is often called as the Mural Capital of the World, but this is not official. This is due to the fact that there are various numbers of murals which are in large variety and of good quality. The southern California weather is also conducive for muralists to create number of murals the whole year round (Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles, 2000 ). How many murals are there in Los Angeles? According to a study made by Rich Puchalsky from 1998-2002 there are more than 1069 painted murals around Los Angeles. Puchalsky devoted four years in taking pictures of the murals in the locality. Pictures of murals were taken from East L. A. or in Monterey Park and he found a total of 204 murals. He had taken pictures of 84 murals in Downtown, 75 in San Fernando Valley, 73 murals in Long Beach Area, 67 in South L. A. , 108 in Mid-city, 42 in West L. A. , 95 murals in Hollywood or South Hollywood, 79 in Silver lake or in Echo park, 39 in Santa Monica or in Malibu, 37 from Vernon to Compton, 11 in Pasadena area, 57 in Venice area, 29 in Highland park in Northeast L. A. , 20 in Pomona area, 15 murals from Hermosa beach to San Pedro, 6 in Glendale area, 15 in L. A. Airport area, 5 in La Mirada area, 5 in Walnut area, 1 in Eastern San Gabriel valley, and 4 murals from Commerce to Paramount (Puchalsky, 2004) . The site for the mural If I were to make a mural in Los Angeles it would be in the Silver Lake area. We all know that Silver Lake is large; though it is exquisitely large it is better known for the peacefulness of the area. The area has many patches of communities; nevertheless it has been economically productive. It has a wide variation of subcultures and ethnicities because of its historical background. Silver Lake also has the uniqueness of having such a number of gays within the area. Theme and objective Homosexuals have been discriminated around the world and as an individual who has a respect for humankind it is my obligation to give our fellowmen a chance to be accepted by the society. The mural that I would like to make is for the commemoration of the homosexuals; the theme would be of the homosexuals and their kind. This theme would be appropriate for Silver Lake because of the fact that prominent number of homosexuals are living within the vicinity. The objective of the mural is to show to everyone that homosexuals should be given the same appreciation as anyone of us because they too are human and they have the right to be appreciated, nourished with love, and they too have the right to live in the way they are comfortable of, being homosexuals. We as humans are not suppose to deprive them of what all of us needs and we are not to let their lives be doomed because of our justification that homosexuals are immoral and that they do not have the right to live and be accepted. The mural should be able to express the thought that homosexuals should be accepted by the society. The percipients should be able to understand well the meaning of the mural so that they would digest well whatever it is that is within the context of the art. Medium and technique Technique is the knowledge of the artist of the medium he is using and his skill in making him or her achieve what he or she wants, it is a strategy. Medium is the materials used by the artist to objectify his experiences. In the mural I want I am going to use acrylic water emulsion paint which is actually synthetic. Acrylic do have a lot of advantage because acrylic does not crack, it does not turn into yellow and it does not turn into black even for ages. Acrylic also offers the advantage of having wide range of perfectly unique and permanent colors that persists through the years which is ideal in painting murals, it also has clear resin mixed with it and superb adhesion properties that makes the paint in-tacked with the wall to prevent bubbles that may cause the paint to peel off. It has proven that it is durable and can withstand the weather conditions and some environmental factors such as rain, sun, heat, cold, acid rain and air pollution. The mural is to be painted in an existing wall, although fake walls would be of great advantage over existing ones, I want the mural to persist through the years. And for the longetivity of the mural the surface should be prepared well. The surface should be free of moisture content, and water should not penetrate the wall on the other side. The surface should also be free from unwanted oil, wax or grease and the surface should be free from loose particles, and this should be dusted out using brush for smooth texture. Application of Gesso in the surface is also needed for the surface to be smooth. White surface would be preferred for the mural; this is to establish the relationship of the colors I am going to use (Rex Art Supplies, 1997-2007). The colors I would use would be bright colors, mostly of the primary or fundamental colors which are red, blue and yellow. These colors would represent the colorful and bright lives of our homosexual fellowmen despite of the fact that they are being discriminated and disgraced. The vibrant colors would also represent the feelings of the homosexuals. The Design The mural’s design would be harmonious; the elements of visual arts such as line, shape, texture, color and the space and movement should be united even though there is diversity. Line shows emotional qualities and it helps us express ourselves, shape represents the elements that we see, color is used to attract the percipient and it is used by the artist to express his or her feelings whether he or she feels hot or cold, texture is the feeling of the surface of an object whether it is smooth or rough, space and movement gives sense of volume and shows depth. It would also portray proportion; there should be a comparison of the portions of the surface or the mural. It would also show cadence, flow and or continuance and this can be achieved through repetition (Ippolito, 1998 ). The mural’s center piece would portray two men holding hands. This would mean homosexual relationships. Intricate details of the man’s physical appearance and wardrobe would also be given an emphasis in the mural. One of the men would be having a long hair but still having the physique of a common man, and the other man would be holding him. The two men in the mural would be in the act of swaying or dancing to show that they are happy being together and that they are carefree; this would show that they do not care if the society would accept their kind or not. Conclusion Art is a product of man and man is the basic unit of the society, it is a part of a whole. Culture is formed by the society and therefore arts, man and society are inter-connected and inter-related. An art would not exist if there is no artist and the society would not also exist because of man. References City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs [Electronic (2007). Version] from http://www. culturela. org/publicart/murals/murals. html. Ippolito, E. (1998 ). Graphic animation [Electronic Version]. Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles. ( 2000 ). from http://www. lamurals. org/MCLAIntro. html. Puchalsky, R. (2004). Version] from http://rpmurals. home. att. net/murals. html. Rex Art Supplies [Electronic (1997-2007). Version] from http://www. rexart. com/appmuralprep. html. Tolstoy, L. (1896).

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Economic And Social Impacts Of The Water Crisis Geography Essay

Economic And Social Impacts Of The Water Crisis Geography Essay 884 million of people worldwide do not have sufficient access to drinking-water and more than 2.6 million do not have access to simple sanitations. Each year about 2 million people die from the effects of unclean water, most of them are children. The 28th July was the day when the United Nations declared the access to clean water as a human right. This anchoring in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has a strong symbolic meaning and therefore a wide influence on politics of various countries. Water resources in the region of the Middle East are scarce by nature. Competition over consumption of shared resources is thus predictable. This essay will show that accessibility and safety of clean water are major concerns all over the world and especially in the region of the Middle East. The first section deals with some geographic aspects as the environmental and climatic conditions. It shows how geographic aspects influence the availability of water and gives an overview about the allocation of water resources as the most limited natural resource in the West Asian region. Secondly, the essay describes the economic and social impacts of the water crisis. It will describe how health risks may arise from consumption of unclean water with toxic elements. Water shortages also constrain the agricultural and industrial productions and therefore the water supply has effects on the economic sectors of the concerned countries as well. The last part deals with options to manage the water problem. Possible solutions will be discussed and evaluated. It shows the forecast of water supply in some years and gives reasons why governments need to act quickly to avoid a deep crisis in already some years. Geographic aspects of the region 2.1 Climatic conditions The Middle East comprises two sub-regions: the Arabian Peninsula (Bahrain, Kuwait Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen) and the Mashriq (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, and West Bank and Gaza). It is surrounded by four marine water bodies: the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf). The Middle East is dominated by arid and semiarid areas, with major regions of extreme aridity. Those climes are characterized by definition as areas of high water shortages, whereat in arid regions high evaporation rates are common. A steppe climate predominates in the northern part of the region, with hot summers and cold winters. The southern and central parts are characterized through extreme dryness with very hot summers and mild temperatures during winter. The Arabian Peninsula belongs to this part. In the whole region of the Middle East water is a very scarce resource. In most countries of the region desertification, water stress and droughts are common. Summer temperatures do not vary significantly across the Middle East. Generally the temperature rises to around 30Â °C, but in the deserts (e.g. Saudi Desert) it can get even warmer with about 45Â °C. In most parts of the region rainfall is very little and is depending on the season. Usually most of the precipitation occurs during winter in the Middle East. The southern part of the Arabian Peninsula constitutes an exception with summer rains. Regular annual rainfall varies from 0mm to 200mm. Just in the northwestern parts on the Mediterranean Sea the rates surpass 500mm and more. 2.2 Surface water resources Surface water is exceptionally restricted in the Middle East due to high evaporation and generally low rainfall. But almost all of the accessible surface water is used and supplies together with springs around 35% of total water use in the region. Most of Middle Eastern surface water stems from its three main surface sources: the Nil, Tigris-Euphrates and Jordan River systems. The countries of the Arabian Peninsula are potentially poorer in surface water resources than the Mashriq area. This region has a number of seasonal rivers and two shared rivers (the Tigris and Euphrates). In contrast to the Mashriq countries the Arabian Peninsula has only some irregular seasonal flow of wadis and only a limited number of springs. In most of the regions surface water drains to the Red, Dead or Mediterranean Seas. The Jordan River presents the most important dewatering system in the region. It has it source in the Lebanon Mountains and flows into the Lake Tiberias. In very dry years an overexploitation of the water resources was observed with the cause that the sea water table reaches already a critical value. Fortunately wet year can adjust the balance. The available surface water in the Jordan Valley is almost emptied so that just small amounts of water arrive at the Dead Sea. This is another reason for damage by lowering the Dead Sea level which has fallen down more than 20m in the last twenty years. 2.3 Groundwater resources The apparently most important source of water in the Middle East is wells and springs. More than 50 percent of water supply is provided by them for total water consumption. Groundwater is contained in water-bearing permeable rocks called aquifers from which water can be extracted via wells or springs. Through seasonal rainfall in semiarid areas aquifers are on and off recharged. The recharge quantities depend on relief and the climatic conditions. Naturally ten to thirty percent of the rainfall in the Middle East contributes to the recharge of groundwater. In the Libyan Desert or the Arabian Peninsula as examples for some arid areas fossil groundwater resources provide important additional amounts of water. Groundwater resources in West Asia in general and on the Arabian Peninsula in particular are in a critical condition because the volumes withdrawn far exceed natural recharge rates. Groundwater is being extracted much faster than its renewal rate, as a result water levels in the shallow aquifers are continually declining. Socio Economic Impact of the Water Crisis 3.1 Importance of Fresh Water Supplies The availability of water as a natural resource has always been a challenge to the civilization of the Middle East. Climatic conditions have influenced politics and activities in the region. The lack of water even restricts the economy, the development of the society and its wellbeing and also endangers political stability within the states of the areas and between neighbors. In other words: Easy access to water is not an end to itself, for any society, but a means to other ends: health, industrial and agricultural production. The situation in the Middle East has exacerbated with the increasing demand for freshwater as a consequence of increasing population. The greatest consumer of water supply in the region is agriculture. Nevertheless, each human being needs about two to five liters of fresh water per day, only for pure surviving. And the personal demand on water has increased with the development of modern civilization. The smallest fraction constitutes the need of drinking water, much more is necessary for the personal hygiene, the cleaning of household and other application for privacy issues. 3.2 Water Quality and its Effects on Health Poor water quality is not only a matter of taste it has serious effects on human health. Water quality problems emerge from the discharge of industrial and human wastewater. Due to inappropriate agricultural practices aquifers are polluted by irrigation backflows. The lack of adequate sewage infrastructure is a difficulty which causes water pollution and health problems. Sewage is often discharged into open pools where water can easily reach groundwater and aquifer systems. Consequently, water supplied to households contains bacterial elements and therefore has to be chlorinated. Chlorination in that extent already exceeds the recommended limits and becomes another health issue. The salinity of water is another problem facing the region. 3.3 Impacts on Agriculture and Industry About 85 percent of the regions water is used by the agricultural sector. Through non- water policies such as agricultural price supports that keep crops profitable or energy subsidies that make pumping water from aquifers cheap the regions water problems rest unchanged. Valuable water is still wasted by inadequate irrigation techniques or the growing of plants with high water demand as crops for example. The lack of water is a factor that blocks the basic economic development and affects the entire social and economic situation in the countries of the Middle East. Water scarcity has also high influence on industrial development. Virtual water is necessary to produce the things we use each day. Although industrial water consumption varies one can say that for instance around 20 000 liters of water is used to produce one kilogram of coffee and about ten liter to produce one piece of paper. But In areas where the resources are not enough to cover the necessary food production only a limited amount of water will be available for industrial production. Lack of water is a major concern for industrial companies especially during summer. Energy systems are depending on water and decreased water quality aggravates the problems. Water Management Options 4.1 Water management and Water Diplomacy Water availability is a major concern in most countries of the region. Some countries (e.g. Syria, Iraq, Lebanon) have reliable sources of surface water; the majority, however, depend either on groundwater or on desalination for their water supply, both of which enable them to use water in amounts far exceeding the estimated renewable fresh water in the country. The World Bank estimates that the amount of water available per person in the arid region will halve by 2050. The report of the institution mainly blames the increasing population and climate change as reason for the situation. But how can governments tackle this issue? Two approaches can be applied to the management of the water crisis in the Middle East. On the one hand the technical approach which refers to water management. Water management has been defined as the skill to bring water supply into line with demand at the lowest possible economic and ecological cost. On the other hand the political approach that views the water conflict as a question of shared resources distribution. A reliable water management plan hast to rely on both approaches to find a way out the crisis. 4.2 Supply and Demand Side Management Options Water scarcity is a function of supply and demand. Demand is increasing at an alarming rate in some regions, through population growth and increasing per capita use. In many water-scarce countries, such as Jordan and Israel, there is no obvious and inexpensive way to increase water supply, and tensions among different water users are likely to result. In other countries improvements in water efficiencies offer reasonable solutions. Managing supply on water is one option to deal with the existing water problem. Unused rivers or groundwater are hardly to find in the region of the Middle East. Therefore developing existing resources is kind of impractical in this situation of water scarcity. Nevertheless there are possibilities as for example the catchments of winter flood water which can also add some amount to the water resources. Another technique adding water resources is water harvesting. Using this approach house cisterns collect rainfall from the roofs and store it for domestic use. In earlier times these cistern were highly appreciated but has fallen into disuse nowadays because households were connected to the piped water network. Reintroducing cistern by law could increase quantities of available water for domestic use. Wastewater recycling can be another source of gaining water. The advantage of this technique is that it is the least expensive source of water for agriculture. But the big drawback is that it requires a high investment. Plans for expanding the use of this resource as a strategic alternative to meet future demands exist in many countries. Due to high salinity sea water has to be desalinated before using as potable water. Gaining potable water through desalination is already a great source of water supply for many countries as Saudi Arabia but it is constraint by its high cost. In the 1980ies another idea emerged by a Saudi Arabian prince who had the idea to import an iceberg of Antarctica to cover the water needs of its country. Although this concept sounds promising it has not been implemented yet. Demand on water is also important to manage. Decreasing demand can be obtained by establishing special incentives or tariffs that enforce water saving measures. Higher charges on water could enable the countries to modernize their water distribution systems and thus reduce high water losses. As already mentioned the increasing population represents another problem. Handling the demographic changes governments should think about dealing with immigration control and family planning as a measure to manage demand. All in all the natural water resources are already exhausted in a great extent, so that a carefully organized water management is absolutely essential. Conclusion In the Middle East water is considered as a strategic resource and tensions between countries in the region over it are high. There it has become a major political issue and the various peace agreements that have been proposed or signed in recent years all include water. The author of this quote reveals the critical situation in the Middle East where water is a scarce resource. His statement clearly leads to one question: Is there likely to be a conflict over water? Historical experiences suggest that this is unlikely to occur. But there is no doubt that water scarcity will definitely be a problem in some areas in the future. Global warming is tending to aggravate the crisis because rainfall decreases while evaporation increases. In addition the growing population rates, industrialization and abuse of agrochemicals cause the urgent need for long-term plans to meet future water demands. The greatest improvements can be made in the agricultural sector, where most of the water resources are spend for irrigation purposes. In future times the use of desalination technology will also be greater and importing water will become normal. Yet water scarcity will be at the forefront of the international agenda for decades to come. In some cases, water may even be a contributing factor in international conflict. Knowing this issue the UN declared the access to potable water as a human right. This declaration may also have raised public awareness of the subject and people in the Middle East may treat water as more valuable. Avoiding future conflicts alternative management strategies are required. These have to be well designed with detailed plans but especially in the Mashriq countries the settlement of potential conflicts over shared water resources remains a fundamental and pressing issue.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

The Whiteness Of The Whale Essay -- essays research papers

The Great White Whale and its Many Meanings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herman Melville, in his epic novel Moby-Dick, utilizes the symbolism of the color of the Great White Whale to demonstrate his theme of duality. However, Captain Ahab tragically had a single mind set towards Moby Dick, as he believed that the whale was the symbol of the world’s evil and had to be destroyed. On the other hand, Ishmael sees that the color white can mean many various and opposing things. It would be dangerous to settle upon any one single meaning. In the chapter, The Whiteness of the Whale, Melville explains the importance of duality of meaning in the world, as opposed to man’s (and Ahab’s) desire to see only one meaning in any one thing. Melville utilizes the symbol of the color white to show us that, no one thing means only one thing. Instead, the color white and the meaning of all things depends upon the experiences and perception of the person viewing that object.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ahab viewed the White Whale only as the symbol of all evil in the universe, which eventually leads him to his downfall. On the day that Ahab threw his harpoon into the White Whale and Moby Dick ate his leg, Ahab decided that the Great White Whale meant only one thing, evil. From then on Ahab decided that there was something unusual about this whale, as if it had hidden inside him all the evil in the world. Since Moby Dick attacked Ahab, he then had cherished a wild vindictiveness against t...

Friday, October 11, 2019

Indian Women

TimelineThe steady change in their position can be highlighted by looking at what has been achieved by women in the country: 1848: Jyotirao Phule, along with his wife Savitribai Phule, opened a school for girls in Pune, India. Savitribai Phule became the first woman teacher in India. 1879: John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune established the Bethune School in 1849, which developed into the Bethune College in 1879, thus becoming the first women's college in India. 1883: Chandramukhi Basu and Kadambini Ganguly became the first female graduates of India and the British Empire.1886: Kadambini Ganguly and Anandi Gopal Joshi became the first women from India to be trained in Western medicine. 1905: Suzanne RD Tata becomes the first Indian woman to drive a car. [42] 1916: The first women's university, SNDT Women's University, was founded on 2 June 1916 by the social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve with just five students. 1917: Annie Besant became the first female president of the Indian National Co ngress. 1919: For her distinguished social service, Pandita Ramabai became the first Indian woman to be awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal by the British Raj.1925: Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian born female president of the Indian National Congress. 1927: The All India Women's Conference was founded. 1944: Asima Chatterjee became the first Indian woman to be conferred the Doctorate of Science by an Indian university. 1947: On 15 August 1947, following independence, Sarojini Naidu became the governor of the United Provinces, and in the process became India's first woman governor. 1951: Prem Mathur of the Deccan Airways becomes the first Indian woman commercial pilot.1953: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit became the first woman (and first Indian) president of the United Nations General Assembly 1959: Anna Chandy becomes the first Indian woman judge of a High Court (Kerala High Court)[43] 1963: Sucheta Kriplani became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, the first woman to hold that position in any Indian state. 1966: Captain Durga Banerjee becomes the first Indian woman pilot of the state airline, Indian Airlines. 1966: Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay wins Ramon Magsaysay award for community leadership.1966: Indira Gandhi becomes the first woman Prime Minister of India 1970: Kamaljit Sandhu becomes the first Indian woman to win a Gold in the Asian Games 1972: Kiran Bedi becomes the first female recruit to join the Indian Police Service. [44] 1979: Mother Teresa wins the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first Indian female citizen to do so. 1984: On 23 May, Bachendri Pal became the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest. 1989: Justice M. Fathima Beevi becomes the first woman judge of the Supreme Court of India. [45] 1997: Kalpana Chawla becomes the first India-born woman to go into space.1992: Priya Jhingan becomes the first lady cadet to join the Indian Army (later commissioned on 6 March 1993)[47] 1994: Harita Kaur Deol becomes the first Indian woman pilot in the Indian A ir Force (IAF), on a solo flight. 2000: Karnam Malleswari became the first Indian woman to win an Olympic medal (bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics at Sydney). 2002: Lakshmi Sahgal became the first Indian woman to run for the post of President of India. 2004: Punita Arora became the first woman in the Indian Army to don the highest rank of Lieutenant General. 2007: Pratibha Patil becomes the first woman President of India.2009: Meira Kumar became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha, the lower house in Indian Parliament. Crimes against women Police records in India show a high incidence of crimes against women. The National Crime Records Bureau reported in 1998 that by 2010 growth in the rate of crimes against women would exceed the population growth rate. [37] Earlier, many crimes against women were not reported to police due to the social stigma attached to rape and molestation. Official statistics show a dramatic increase in the number of reported crimes against women. [37] Acid ThrowingA Thomas Reuters Foundation survey [60] says that India is the fourth most dangerous place in the world for women to live in. [61] Women belonging to any class, caste, creed or religion can be victims of this cruel form of violence and disfigurement, a premeditated crime intended to kill or maim permanently and act as a lesson to put a woman in her place. In India, acid attacks on women[62] who dared to refuse a man's proposal of marriage or asked for a divorce [63] are a form of revenge. Acid is cheap, easily available, and the quickest way to destroy a woman's life. The number of acid attacks have been rising.Child marriage Child marriage has been traditionally prevalent in India and continues to this day. Historically, child brides would live with their parents until they reached puberty. In the past, child widows were condemned to a life of great agony, shaved heads, living in isolation, and being shunned by society. [35] Although child marriage was outlawed in 186 0, it is still a common practice. [65] According to UNICEF’s â€Å"State of the World’s Children-2009† report, 47% of India's women aged 20–24 were married before the legal age of 18, rising to 56% in rural areas.The report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages occur in India. [67] Domestic violence Main article: Domestic violence in India The number of incidents of domestic violence is higher among the lower Socio-Economic Classes (SECs). [citation needed] The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 came into force on 26 October 2006. See also: Outline of domestic violence Dowry Main articles: Dowry, Dowry death, and Dowry law in India In 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act,[68] making dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal.However, many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides and murders have been reported. In the 1980s, numerous such cases were reported. [52] In 1985, the Dowry Pro hibition (maintenance of lists of presents to the bride and bridegroom) Rules were framed. [69] According to these rules, a signed list should be maintained of presents given at the time of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom. The list should contain a brief description of each present, its approximate value, the name of who has given the present, and relationship to the recipient. However, such rules are rarely enforced.A 1997 report claimed that each year at least 5,000 women in India die dowry-related deaths, and at least a dozen die each day in ‘kitchen fires' thought to be intentional. [70] The term for this is â€Å"bride burning† and is criticized within India itself. Amongst the urban educated, such dowry abuse has reduced considerably. Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion Main article: Sex-selective abortion and infanticide In India, the male-female sex ratio is skewed dramatically in favour of males, the chief reason being the high number of females who die before reaching adulthood.Tribal societies in India have a less skewed sex ratio than other caste groups. This is in spite of the fact that tribal communities have far lower income levels, lower literacy rates, and less adequate health facilities. Many experts suggest the higher number of males in India can be attributed to female infanticides and sex-selective abortions. Ultrasound scanning constitutes a major leap forward in providing for the care of mother and baby, and with scanners becoming portable, these advantages have spread to rural populations.However, ultrasound scans often reveal the sex of the baby, allowing pregnant women to decide to abort female foetuses and try again later for a male child. This practice is usually considered the main reason for the change in the ratio of male to female children being born. In 1994 the Indian government passed a law forbidding women or their families from asking about the sex of the baby after an ultrasound scan (or any other test which would yield that information) and also expressly forbade doctors or any other persons from providing that information.However, in practice this law (like the law forbidding dowries) is widely ignored, and levels of abortion on female foetuses remain high and the sex ratio at birth keeps getting more skewed. [71] Female infanticide (killing of girl infants) is still prevalent in some rural areas. [37] Sometimes this is infanticide by neglect, for example families may not spend money on critical medicines or withhold care from a sick girl. Continuing abuse of the dowry tradition has been one of the main reasons for sex-selective abortions and female infanticides in India. Rape Main article: Rape in IndiaRape in India has been described by Radha Kumar as one of India's most common crimes against women[72] and by the UN’s human-rights chief as a â€Å"national problem†. [73] In the 1980s, women's rights groups lobbied for marital rape to be declared u nlawful, as until 1983, the criminal law (amendment) act stated that â€Å"sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age is not rape†. Marital rape is still not a criminal offence. [72] While per-capita reported incidents are quite low compared to other countries, even developed countries,[74][75] a new case is reported every 20 minutes.New Delhi has the highest rate of rape-reports among Indian cities. [78] Sources show that rape cases in India have doubled between 1990 and 2008. [79] According to the National Crime Records Bureau, 24,206 rape cases were registered in India in 2011, although experts agree that the cases of unreported sexual assault is higher. [80] Sexual harassment Eve teasing is a euphemism used for sexual harassment or molestation of women by men. Many activists blame the rising incidents of sexual harassment against women on the influence of â€Å"Western culture†.In 1987, The Indecent Representation o f Women (Prohibition) Act was passed[81] to prohibit indecent representation of women through advertisements or in publications, writings, paintings or in any other manner. Of the total number of crimes against women reported in 1990, half related to molestation and harassment in the workplace. [37] In 1997, in a landmark judgement[ambiguous], the Supreme Court of India took a strong stand against sexual harassment of women in the workplace. The Court also laid down detailed guidelines for prevention and redressal of grievances.The National Commission for Women subsequently elaborated these guidelines into a Code of Conduct for employers. [37] Trafficking The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act was passed in 1956. [82] However many cases of trafficking of young girls and women have been reported. These women are either forced into prostitution, domestic work or child labour. Justice system In 2013 India's top court investigated on a law graduate's allegation that she was sexually haras sed by a recently retired Supreme Court judge. [83] Other concerns Social opinionsIn the wake of several brutal rape attacks in the capital city of Delhi, debates held in other cities revealed that men believed women who dressed provocatively deserved to get raped; many of the correspondents stated women incited men to rape them. [84][85] Health Main article: Women's health in India The average female life expectancy today in India is low compared to many countries, but it has shown gradual improvement over the years. In many families, especially rural ones, girls and women face nutritional discrimination within the family, and are anaemic and malnourished.The maternal mortality in India is the 56th highest in the world. [86] 42% of births in the country are supervised in Medical Institution. In rural areas, most of women deliver with the help of women in the family, contradictory to the fact that unprofessional or unskilled deliverer lacks the knowledge about pregnancy. [37] Eve te asing Eve teasing is a euphemism used in India and sometimes Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal[87][88] for public sexual harassment, street harassment or molestation of women by men, with Eve being a reference to the biblical Eve.Family planning The average woman living in a rural area in India has little or no control over becoming pregnant. Women, particularly women in rural areas, do not have access to safe and self-controlled methods of contraception. The public health system emphasises permanent methods like sterilisation, or long-term methods like IUDs that do not need follow-up. Sterilization accounts for more than 75% of total contraception, with female sterilisation accounting for almost 95% of all sterilisations. [37] Sex ratiosIndia has a highly skewed sex ratio, which is attributed to sex-selective abortion and female infanticide affecting approximately one million female babies per year. [90] In, 2011, government stated India was missing three million girls and there are n ow 48 less girls per 1,000 boys. [91] Despite this, the government has taken further steps to improve the ration, and the ration is reported to have been improved in recent years. [92] Sanitation In 2011 a â€Å"Right to Pee† (as called by the media) campaign began in Mumbai, India's largest city. [93] Women, but not men, have to pay to urinate in Mumbai, despite regulations against this practice.Women have also been sexually assaulted while urinating in fields. [93] Thus, activists have collected more than 50,000 signatures supporting their demands that the local government stop charging women to urinate, build more toilets, keep them clean, provide sanitary napkins and a trash can, and hire female attendants. [93] In response, city officials have agreed to build hundreds of public toilets for women in Mumbai, and some local legislators are now promising to build toilets for women in every one of their districts. [93] Notable Indian women See also: Category:Indian women and List of Indian film actresses EducationSavitribai Phule was a social reformer. Along with her husband, Mahatma Jotiba Phule, she played an important role in improving women's rights in India during British Rule. Savitribai was the first female teacher of the first women's school in India and also considered to be the pioneer of modern Marathi poetry. In 1852 she opened a school for Untouchable caste girls. Arts and entertainment Singers and vocalists such as M. S. Subbulakshmi, Gangubai Hangal, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle and others are widely revered in India. Anjolie Ela Menon is a famous painter. SportsAlthough in general the women's sports scenario in India is not very good, some Indian women have made notable achievements in the field. Some famous female sportspersons in Indian include P. T. Usha (athletics), J. J. Shobha (athletics), Kunjarani Devi (weightlifting), Diana Edulji (cricket), Saina Nehwal (badminton), Koneru Hampi (chess) and Sania Mirza (tennis). Female Olympic medalists from India include weightlifter Karnam Malleswari (bronze, 2000), Saina Nehwal (bronze, 2012), and boxer Mary Kom (bronze, 2012). Politics Through the Panchayat Raj institutions, over a million women have actively entered political life in India.As per the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, all local elected bodies reserve one-third of their seats for women. Although the percentages of women in various levels of political activity has risen considerably, women are still under-represented in governance and decisionmaking positions. [37] Literature Many women writers are prominent in Indian literature as poets and story writers, such as Sarojini Naidu, Kamala Surayya, Shobha De, Arundhati Roy, and Anita Desai. Sarojini Naidu is called the nightingale of India. Arundhati Roy won the Booker Prize (Man Booker Prize) for her novel The God of Small Things.